![]() 1A for seismic profile and time-slice locations). Seismic character of allochthonous body (AB) (see Fig. 1A for location), with location of Kg45 well, margin of seismic survey (green outline), and welds between the AB and pre-salt units. Sf-seafloor ABT-allochthonous body top Tort.-Tortonian Amp.-amplitude. The TD (total depth) of the well is within the allochthonous body (AB), which directly overlies Messinian evaporites (Mess. Sf-seafloor ABT-allochthonous body top TS-top salt BS-base salt. B) Schematic cross-section Nile Delta and seismic study area, in which Messinian evaporites are overlain by allochthonous Tortonian shale. Highlighted are margins of salt (light blue line) and three-dimensional (3-D) seismic survey area (green outline). Link to articleĪ) Location of seismic area and exploration wells (Kg45, La52) used for calibration. We propose that mud extrusions that coalesce on a surface forming a multi-conduit-fed edifice be referred to as mud canopies, by analogy with salt canopies, with implications for basin reconstruction, paleo–overpressure release events, and fluid migration. We argue that this large mud body represents a new morphological type and scale of mud extrusion. These large extrusive flows coalesced to form a single edifice with an exceptional volume of ∼292 km3 that is connected to eight widely spaced conduits. The allochthonous material was sourced from beneath the ∼1-km-thick Messinian evaporites in the Eastern Mediterranean and extruded synchronously as eight large mud volcanoes directly on top of the Messinian evaporites in a catastrophic remobilization event at the end of the Messinian salinity crisis. Three-dimensional seismic imaging and well calibration reveal a large allochthonous mud edifice that is composed of several mud extrusions and covers an area >740 km2 on the outer shelf slope of the Nile Delta. Stratal slices within the Carbonera Formation show changes from Late Eocene-Early Oligocene, northeast-flowing channel belts of a main axial fluvial system -proposed to be the proto-Meta River-, to a Late Oligocene southeast-flowing tributary channels interpreted as a result of eastward flexural migration, enhanced accommodation from loading of the Eastern Cordillera and a shift from an underfilled to overfilled foreland basin.The genesis of a giant mud canopy by catastrophic failure of a thick evaporite sealing layer ![]() Seismic and gamma-ray facies analyses allowed the distinction of prospective, sand-rich point bars, scrolls, and basal lag deposits from non-prospective, mud-rich abandoned channels. Well logs through the Carbonera Formation record two regressive-transgressive cycles with greater preservation of non-reservoir, shaly transgressive deposits within the intermediate Carbonera members 5 and 3, and sandy, lowstand deposits in the lower and uppermost Carbonera members 7 and 1, respectively. Interpretations of well logs and stratal slices through multi-attribute and iso-frequency amplitude cubes show that the Carbonera Formation contains tectonically-controlled, sinuous channel belts seen on seismic lines as strong, high-amplitude, concave reflections with variable width-to-depth ratio. We integrated 700 km 2 of 3D seismic data with eight wells near the ~8600 bcd Cubiro field in the central area of the Llanos foreland. The objective of the study is to evaluate the potential of stratigraphic traps in the Late Eocene-Early Miocene Carbonera Formation, a 400-1800 m-thick reservoir unit with numerous traps related to unfaulted, sand-prone fluvial deposits. The Llanos foreland basin of Colombia is the country's most prolific oil producer, with the most known oil fields found in normal fault traps created during flexure of the foreland basin. ![]()
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